The ALEP Spring Conference at the Royal Institution on 24th March 2015 saw a talk on the topic of ‘The Middleman’s Tale’ with Jennifer Ellis of Langley Taylor. We were discussing the position of intermediate landlords following the Howard De Walden v Stella Kateb and Accordway [2014] UKUT 0486 (LC) decision. A link to the full decision appears at:

http://www.landstribunal.gov.uk/judgmentfiles/j1084/LRA-150-2013.pdf

The position promises to get more interesting now that the intermediate landlord in this case has sought leave to appeal the decision of the Upper Tribunal to the Court of Appeal.

The intermediate landlord has limited rights under Section 7(1) of the Schedule 1993 Act to serve a notice of independent representation, but what does that mean?

Effectively, the intermediate landlord has the right to be independently represented in relation to any legal proceedings in which his title to any property comes into question (see Paragraph 7(1)(a)) – and also in any legal proceedings relating to the determination of any amount payable to him by virtue of Schedule 13 (Para 7(1)(b) of Schedule 11.

A link to Schedule 11 appears below:

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/28/schedule/11

The statutory machinery gives the competent landlord under Section 40 the power to bind the intermediate or ‘other’ landlord and provided that the competent landlord acts in ‘good faith’ and with ‘reasonable care and diligence’ he is not liable to the intermediate landlord by the exercise of any authority that is conferred on him by Section 40(2).

Effectively, the only remedy that the intermediate landlord appears to have (if he does not like what the competent landlord is doing – or has done) is to apply to court under paragraph 6 of Schedule 11 for directions as to how the competent landlord should act.

Is this sufficient? – this is clearly a point for discussion. However, what the Kateb case appears to show is that serving notice of independent representation does not give the intermediate landlord sufficient standing to call for an FTT hearing in his own right to determine the premium payable if the competent landlord and the tenant have agreed.

So, is this a stitch-up? – Provided that the competent landlord is acting with the duty of good faith and with reasonable care and diligence, he is not liable – (See para 6(4) of Schedule 11). So, if it can be said that the intermediate landlord is not behaving in such a way, or that the conduct of the competent landlord in concluding the lease negotiations is not in breach of this duty, then the competent landlord can ‘override’ the intermediate landlord.

Intermediate landlords will probably say that applying to court for directions as to how the competent landlord should act is disproportionately expensive to their interest(s) and also that by the time that they have made an application that the new lease may well be completed.

Tenants will probably take the view that the current arrangements are a ‘good thing’ as this prevents further tribunal costs being incurred if the intermediate landlord is the only missing piece of the settlement jigsaw.

Major estates, will likewise mostly take the view that they do not want to be embroiled in ‘satellite’ litigation about the premiums payable to intermediate landlords unnecessarily, and in particular that they probably do not want to incur irrecoverable tribunal costs in a situation which will otherwise be of no benefit to them and may simply decrease the consideration that they will receive.

However, there are some un-answered questions. What does the right to be independently represented in legal proceedings mean, in relation to the premium payable to the intermediate landlord in para 7(1)(b) if it does not mean “in relation to proceedings before the tribunal?”

Does it simply mean that the right to be independently represented in any such forum is always subject to the powers of the competent landlord under Section 40, and the right under para 6 of Schedule 11 to bind the other landlords. In other words, notwithstanding any right that he may have it is always subject to the rights of the competent landlord to bind him.

The only remedy therefore appears to be – as mentioned above – the right to apply to the court for directions as to how the competent landlord should act.

The intermediate landlord in the Accordway case, (Ms Kateb) has sought (and obtained) leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal and so it will be interesting to see how the Court of Appeal decides to deal with this issue when the case is heard in November of this year.

Mark Chick

Mark Chick is a solicitor dealing with leasehold issues. This note (being very general in its nature) is not a complete statement of the law in this area.  It is therefore not a substitute for legal advice from a suitably qualified professional and should not be relied upon as such. No liability can therefore be accepted for any actions based on reliance upon it.

If you require legal advice please visit www.bishopandsewell.co.uk or email leasehold@bishopandsewell.co.uk

A short summary of the facts in  Howard De Walden v Stella Kateb and Accordway [2014] UKUT 0486 (LC) appears below:

Very briefly – this was a claim for a lease extension in relation to a property at Flat 12 and Garage 4, 123/125 Harley Street, London, W1.

The tenant, Accordway Limited (as purchaser of the flat) served notice under Section 42 via the then incumbent tenant on 15th December 2012.

On 18th February 2013 the De Walden Estate as competent landlord served counter notice admitting the claim.

On 22nd February 2013 Kateb as intermediate landlord served notice of independent representation under para 7(1) of Schedule 11.

On 19th April 2013 the tenant applied to the FTT.

By 18th July 2013 both the De Walden Estate and Accordway Limited wrote to the FTT confirming that terms had been agreed. The tribunal then vacated its file.

On 25th July 2013 the intermediate landlord wrote to the tribunal indicating that matters were ‘not agreed’ and asking the tribunal to re-open its file.

On 15th August 2013 the new lease completed.

On 17th September the FTT had a jurisdictional hearing to determine whether it had the ability to determine the sum payable to the intermediate landlord (Ms Kateb) in this case. At first instance the FTT determined that it did have jurisdiction to determine the amount payable to the intermediate landlord, notwithstanding the agreement between the competent landlord and the tenant.

It was against this decision that Howard De Walden Estate sought leave to appeal from the Upper Tribunal. The Upper Tribunal decision (reported above) determined that the FTT had no jurisdiction to decide the amount payable to the intermediate landlord because the tenant and the competent landlord had reached agreement.

The decision of the Upper Tribunal has now been appealed to the Court of Appeal.

The only way is up, or that certainly seems to be the view of landlords seeking to claim development value as part of the compensation payable to them as part of a freehold purchase under the 1993 Act.

As part of the compensation payable under the 1993 Act, the landlord is entitled to claim in addition to what might traditionally be called the ‘term and reversion’ and any marriage value – something ‘extra’ if you will, in respect of lost development value.

Often the roof is an area where it is at least arguable in a built up property that there is the scope for further addition to the property.

Some landlords take things a stage further and seek to create other property interests that are designed to protect their interests in such a situation. One such device is a lease of the ‘air space’ above the building as ownership of this is key to unlocking any future development potential.

So what happens on enfranchisement? Can this additional area be acquired? Or indeed, must it be? And if so, what price will be attributed to it?

These were the questions in the case of Durrels House (Hemphurst Limited v Durrels House Limited [2011] UKUT 6 (LC)).

In this case there was just such an airspace lease in place.  The potential – it was said – for future development was huge and as a flat of significant value could in theory be created. In fact a planning permission for just such a development had been obtained – which is a highly relevant point from the point of view of valuation.

The fact that planning permission had been obtained and that the airspace lease had been granted meant that the tribunal had to accept that the potential for the development of the upper part of the property clearly existed. In valuation terms the value attributed to this area was significant.

The tenants sought to evade the problem of having to purchase the whole of the airspace lease (at significant cost) by seeking to purchase only those parts of the surface of the roof and not the remainder of the lease that would have formed part of the potential development above.

On a collective enfranchisement, the tenants may acquire leases of other parts of the property if they comprise part of the common parts, or if the area is used in common but reasonably necessary for the management or maintenance of the property. At first instance the LVT had decided that any such lease must be acquired in its entirety.

In Durrells House, the Upper Tribunal confirmed that the nominee purchaser is was not obliged to acquire the whole of the airspace lease but could select to acquire (at a lesser cost) simply those parts of the roof and the ‘envelope’ of the building that were that were necessary for maintenance and repair.

The case establishes an important principle, which is that the nominee purchaser may acquire part of any additional leasehold interest that forms part of the common parts or a common area rather than being obliged to buy the whole of this area.

Mark Chick

Mark Chick is a solicitor dealing with leasehold issues. This note (being very general in its nature) is not a complete statement of the law in this area.  It is therefore not a substitute for legal advice from a suitably qualified professional and should not be relied upon as such. No liability can therefore be accepted for any actions based on reliance upon it.

If you require legal advice please visit www.bishopandsewell.co.uk or email leasehold@bishopandsewell.co.uk

Who is responsible for maintaining the structure of the building?

If you live in a freehold property, the answer to this question is simple – if you own the part of the property in question, you are responsible for repairing it.

In a leasehold property a similar logic applies, but you must first establish which bits of the property you own and are also responsible for repairing. This is because with a leasehold property there can be a number of important distinctions between the ownership of a part of the property and the legal responsibility to repair it.

In most leases, the flat owner owns the internal parts of their own flat – for instance, the plaster surfaces of the walls, the floorboards and the ceiling plasterwork. However, the structural or main parts of the building usually belong to the freeholder who has the legal responsibility to maintain and repair them and recovers the cost of doing this via a ‘service charge.’ The proportion of the service charge that you pay might also depend on the size of your flat although this depends on the way in which the leases in the building are written.

There are also some fairly common leasehold arrangements, where the property is effectively divided into ‘layers’ and in which each flat owner is responsible for maintaining their ‘slice’ of the property – both inside and out. This in theory at least makes redecoration and repair of the exterior an interesting exercise and you would hope that the flat owners would co-ordinate in terms of both timing and colour!

This type of arrangement is particularly common in maisonette or ‘one up one down’ type properties – often  in leases granted in the 1970s .

In these ‘maisonette’ leases, it often also turns out that the top floor flat is entirely responsible for maintaining the roof and the ground floor flat is entirely responsible for the foundations.

If your lease has this kind of arrangement then often the only obligation to the freeholder is to pay a ‘ground rent’ – as the insurance of the building is also in the hands of the flat owners. This is at odds with the more frequently found ‘service charge’ type of arrangement mentioned above where the freeholder insurers and the flat owners reimburse the cost of this.

With a leasehold property, the starting point for answering any question about responsibility for maintenance and repair is the lease document itself.

Leases are not always easy to understand and it may help to get professional help in understanding and interpreting the terms in your lease, particularly before commencing major works, or incurring large expenditure as problems can arise if you carry out work on areas that are not owned by you, or that require the consent of the freeholder to carry out work.

If you do require assistance with this sort of issue a specialist solicitor, such as a member of ALEP will be well placed to provide you with help and practical guidance on these sorts of issues.

Mark Chick


Mark Chick is a solicitor dealing with leasehold issues. This note (being very general in its nature) is not a complete statement of the law in this area.  It is therefore not a substitute for legal advice from a suitably qualified professional and should not be relied upon as such. No liability can therefore be accepted for any actions based on reliance upon it.

If you require legal advice please visit www.bishopandsewell.co.uk or email leasehold@bishopandsewell.co.uk

I was pleased to speak at the Landlord and Letting Show at the Barbican on 25th/26th February 2015, giving two talks on “What to look for when buying a leasehold property as an investor” and “How to Add Thousands of Pounds In Value to Your Flat… by buying the freehold or extending the lease.”

Both talks were well received and there was a good Q&A session after each. If any one would like to get in contact to discuss further any of the issues raised then please do email leasehold@bishopandsewell.co.uk or visit:

http://www.bishopandsewell.co.uk